Arrangements for screening malignant neoplasms in Hungary
Németh, K.

In Hungary mortality caused by malignant tumours has increased significantly, with malignancies ranking second place on the mortality list. In 2001, 33,318 individuals died of cancer in Hungary and there were 180,000-200,000 asymptomatic and hospitalised patients. These figures make it a must to engage in and raise awareness about preventive work. Cancer prevention may be realized at three levels: primary prevention, i.e. health promoting to prevent the development of cancer, secondary prevention, i.e. aiming at the early detection of malignant alterations through screening tests, and tertiary prevention, i.e. among others, with the aim of preventing the development of metastasises. This publication summarizes the information necessary to prevent cancer, reviews the operation of the Hungarian cancer screening system and discusses relevant nursing duties.

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Preoperative anxiety and its management
Kocsis Pap, K.

Objective of the study: To identify the role of information provided by nurses in addition to doctors' information.
Sample and methods: A survey using self-designed questionnaires was administered to 63 patients pre- and postoperatively at the Department of Urology, 'Markhot Ferenc' Hospital-Polyclinic, Eger, Hungary. Sixty responses could be analysed. The study group was divided into an intervention group (30 persons) and a control group (30 persons). The intervention group received special pre-operative preparation by nurses, while the control group underwent the usual and traditional preoperative practices. Galvanic skin-reflex meter was used to measure the anxiety level of the two groups.
Findings: Considerable differences were seen in the level of preoperative preparation, and in the preoperative versus postoperative anxiety levels of the two groups. In both cases, patients in the intervention group who had been prepared by the nurses showed more favourable results, as shown by subsequent higher level of information and lower anxiety levels. Furthermore, considerable difference by gender was observed in anxiety levels.
Conclusions: The study found that patients in the intervention group who had received specific preparation by nurses had sufficient information, considered their level of preparation appropriate also subsequently and exhibited lower anxiety levels as measured by skin reflex. Responses revealed that traditional forms of information sharing as provided by nurses did not result in considerable changes in the control group. Findings seem to support a strong case for the importance of consciously planned preoperative information by nurses.

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Opportunities of prevention in paediatric asthma
Patai, A.

This paper stresses the importance of patient education in managing asthma in children. Furthermore, it reviews the work and approaches used in an Asthma Rehabilitation Camp organised for children aged 4-8 years near Debrecen, Hungary. It is concluded that education, health and social welfare institutions need to cooperate in order to help children with chronic conditions. A questionnaire survey administered among parents showed that prevention and continuing care can lengthen the time between two asthma attacks and decrease the amount of pharmaceuticals needed. As a result, parents spend shorter periods on sick leave caring for the sick child, and the child also spends fewer days in hospital or sanatorium. The Asthma Camp is one method with which to offer non-institutionalised and full life for children with asthma.

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